Optimizing Spectral and Energy Efficiency of Massive MIMO Networks Using MVO and API Algorithms

Authors

  • Hiba Ines Bitat SATIT Laboratory, University of Abbes Laghrour, Khenchela, Algeria https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6081-5822
  • Fouzia Maamri SATIT Laboratory, University of Abbes Laghrour, Khenchela, Algeria
  • Fatima Khelfaoui LTPh Laboratory, University of Abbes Laghrour, Khenchela, Algeria https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5673-5706
  • Hanane Djellab LTI Laboratory, University of Larbi Tebessi, Tebessa, Algeria
  • Yacine Belhocine LAMIS Laboratory, University of Larbi Tebessi, Tebessa, Algeria https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1747-6008
  • Yacine Messai SATIT Laboratory, University of Abbes Laghrour, Khenchela, Algeria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2025.1.1993

Keywords:

5G, energy efficiency, massive MIMO, multiverse optimizer, Pachycondyla Apicalis algorithm, spectral efficiency

Abstract

Wireless communication, especially that relying on 5G technology, plays a crucial role in modern networks. The use of massive multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) systems is one of the key advancements in this area, as it improves energy efficiency (EE) and spectral efficiency (SE), making such a technique critical for future communication networks. This article focuses on optimizing EE and SE using a new metaheuristic multiverse optimization algorithm (MVO), and compares the results obtained with those achieved with the use of the Pachycondyla Apicalis algorithm (API) and other methods. Furthermore, the study explores the best values for factors such as coherence time, power amplifier efficiency, and hardware power in each user, with all of them playing a critical role in maximizing EE. The authors also examine the correlation between EE and SE in the downlink direction. The results show that the MVO approach achieves better performance in fewer iterations compared to API and other methods, demonstrating its potential for improving wireless communication systems.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

[1] O. Tervo, L.-N. Tran, and M. Juntti, "Optimal Energy-efficient Transmit Beamforming for Multi-user MISO Downlink", IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 63, no. 20, pp. 5574-5588, 2015.
View in Google Scholar

[2] Q.-D. Vu, L.-N. Tran, R. Farrell, and E.-K. Hong, "Energy-efficient Zero-forcing Precoding Design for Small-cell Networks", IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 790-804, 2016.
View in Google Scholar

[3] M. Mohammadi, Z. Mobini, H.Q. Ngo, and M. Matthaiou, "Ten Years of Research Advances in Full-Duplex Massive MIMO", IEEE Transactions on Communications, early access, 2024.
View in Google Scholar

[4] L. You et al., "Spectral Efficiency and Energy Efficiency Tradeoff in Massive MIMO Downlink Transmission with Statistical CSIT", IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 68, pp. 2645-2659, 2020.
View in Google Scholar

[5] A. Salh et al., "Trade-off Energy and Spectral Efficiency in 5G Massive MIMO System", arXiv, 2021.
View in Google Scholar

[6] H. Ju et al., "Transformer-assisted Parametric CSI Feedback for mmWave Massive MIMO Systems", IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 18774-18787, 2024.
View in Google Scholar

[7] A. Zappone et al., "Energy-efficient Power Control: A Look at 5G Wireless Technologies", IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 1668-1683, 2016.
View in Google Scholar

[8] M.A. Saeed and A.O. Nwajana, "A Review of Beamforming Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for Future 5G/6G Networks", Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering, vol. 9, 2024.
View in Google Scholar

[9] Z. Behdad, Ö.T. Demir, K.W. Sung, and C. Cavdar, "Interplay Between Sensing and Communication in Cell-Free Massive MIMO with URLLC Users", 2024 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Dubai, UAE, 2024.
View in Google Scholar

[10] K.N.R.S.V. Prasad, E. Hossain, and V.K. Bhargava, "Energy Efficiency in Massive MIMO-based 5G Networks: Opportunities and Challenges", IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 86-94, 2017.
View in Google Scholar

[11] C. Jiang and L.J. Cimini, "Downlink Energy-efficient Multiuser Beamforming with Individual SINR Constraints", MILCOM 2011 - Military Communications Conference, Baltimore, USA, 2011.
View in Google Scholar

[12] E. Björnson, L. Sanguinetti, J. Hoydis, and M. Debbah, "Designing Multi-user MIMO for Energy Efficiency: When is Massive MIMO the Answer?", 2014 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Istanbul, Türkiye, 2014.
View in Google Scholar

[13] D. Ha, K. Lee, and J. Kang, "Energy Efficiency Analysis with Circuit Power Consumption in Massive MIMO Systems", 2013 IEEE 24th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), London, UK, 2013.
View in Google Scholar

[14] O. Saatlou, "Spectral Efficiency Maximization of a Massive Multiuser MIMO System via Appropriate Power Allocation", Ph.D. thesis, Concordia University, 2019 (https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/985700/).
View in Google Scholar

[15] H. Huh, G. Caire, H.C. Papadopoulos, and S.A. Ramprashad, "Achieving ‘Massive MIMO’ Spectral Efficiency with a Not-so-large Number of Antennas", IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 3226-3239, 2012.
View in Google Scholar

[16] J. Zhang, L. Dai, S. Sun, and Z. Wang, "On the Spectral Efficiency of Massive MIMO Systems with Low-resolution ADCs", IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 842-845, 2016.
View in Google Scholar

[17] H.Q. Ngo et al., "On the Total Energy Efficiency of Cell-free Massive MIMO", IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 25-39, 2018.
View in Google Scholar

[18] N. Li, Y. Gao, and K. Xu, "On the Optimal Energy Efficiency and Spectral Efficiency Trade-off of CF Massive MIMO SWIPT System", EURASIP J. on Wireless Communications and Networking, art. no. 167, 2021.
View in Google Scholar

[19] E.G. Larsson, O. Edfors, F. Tufvesson, and T.L. Marzetta, "Massive MIMO for Next Generation Wireless Systems", IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 186-195, 2014.
View in Google Scholar

[20] N.H.M. Adnan, I. Md. Rafiqul, and A.H.M.Z. Alam, "Massive MIMO for Fifth Generation (5G): Opportunities and Challenges", 2016 International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2016.
View in Google Scholar

[21] S. Labed and N. Aounallah, "Efficient Iterative Detection Based on Conjugate Gradient and Successive Over-relaxation Methods for Uplink Massive MIMO Systems", Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, no. 2, 2023.
View in Google Scholar

[22] R. Chataut and R. Akl, "Massive MIMO Systems for 5G and beyond Networks - Overview, Recent Trends, Challenges, and Future Research Direction", Sensors, vol. 20, no. 10, art. no. 2753, 2020.
View in Google Scholar

[23] M. Jiang and L. Hanzo, "Multiuser MIMO-OFDM for Next-generation Wireless Systems", Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 95, no. 7, pp. 1430-1469, 2007.
View in Google Scholar

[24] Z. Zhang et al., "Intelligent Omni Surfaces Assisted Integrated Multi-target Sensing and Multi-user MIMO Communications", IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 72, no. 8, pp. 4591-4606, 2024.
View in Google Scholar

[25] E. Björnson, E.G. Larsson, and T.L. Marzetta, "Massive MIMO: Ten Myths and One Critical Question", IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 114-123, 2016.
View in Google Scholar

[26] T. Van Chien and E. Björnson, "Massive MIMO Communications", in: 5G Mobile Communications, Springer, pp. 77-116, 2017.
View in Google Scholar

[27] F.A. Pereira de Figueiredo, "An Overview of Massive MIMO for 5G and 6G", IEEE Latin America Transactions, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 931-940, 2022.
View in Google Scholar

[28] A. Ashraf et al., "Advancements and Challenges in Scalable Modular Antenna Arrays for 5G Massive MIMO Networks", IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 57895-57916, 2024.
View in Google Scholar

[29] A. Shaikh and M.J. Kaur, "Comprehensive Survey of Massive MIMO for 5G Communications", 2019 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET), Dubai, UAE, 2019.
View in Google Scholar

[30] E. Björnson, J. Hoydis, and L. Sanguinetti, "Massive MIMO Networks: Spectral, Energy, and Hardware Efficiency", Foundations and Trends in Signal Processing, vol. 11, no. 3-4, pp. 154-655, 2017.
View in Google Scholar

[31] J. Tang, D.K.C. So, E. Alsusa, and K.A. Hamdi, "Resource Efficiency: A New Paradigm on Energy Efficiency and Spectral Efficiency Tradeoff", IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 4656-4669, 2014.
View in Google Scholar

[32] P. Blacher, E. Lecoutey, D. Fresneau, and E. Nowbahari, "Reproductive Hierarchies and Status Discrimination in Orphaned Colonies of Pachycondyla Apicalis Ants", Animal Behaviour, vol. 79, pp. 99-105, 2010.
View in Google Scholar

[33] K.E. Purushothaman and V. Nagarajan, "Multiobjective Optimization Based on Self-organizing Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Massive MIMO 5G Wireless Network", International Journal of Communication Systems, vol. 34, art. no. 4725, 2021.
View in Google Scholar

[34] Y. Liu, B. Ai, and J. Zhang, "Downlink Spectral Efficiency of Massive MIMO Systems with Mutual Coupling", Electronics, vol. 12, no. 6, art. no. 1364, 2023.
View in Google Scholar

[35] J. Tang, D.K.C. So, E. Alsusa, and K.A. Hamdi, "Resource Efficiency: A New Paradigm on Energy Efficiency and Spectral Efficiency Tradeoff", IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 4656-4669, 2014.
View in Google Scholar

[36] D.M. Eardley, "Death of White Holes in the Early Universe", Physical Review Letters, vol. 33, art. no. 442, 1974.
View in Google Scholar

[37] P.J. Steinhardt and N. Turok, "A Cyclic Model of the Universe", Science, vol. 296, no. 5572, pp. 1436-1439, 2002.
View in Google Scholar

[38] R.M. Wald, "The Thermodynamics of Black Holes", Living Reviews in Relativity, vol. 4, art. no. 6, 2001.
View in Google Scholar

[39] S. Mirjalili, S.M. Mirjalili, and A. Hatamlou, "Multi-verse Optimizer: A Nature-inspired Algorithm for Global Optimization", Neural Computing and Applications, vol. 27, pp. 495-513, 2016.
View in Google Scholar

[40] N. Monmarché, G. Venturini, and M. Slimane, "On how Pachycondyla Apicalis Ants Suggest a New Search Algorithm", Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 937-946, 2000.
View in Google Scholar

[41] F. Maamri, S. Bououden, M. Chadli, and I. Boulkaibet, "The Pachycondyla Apicalis Metaheuristic Algorithm for Parameters Identification of Chaotic Electrical System", International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 490-502, 2018.
View in Google Scholar

[42] S. Azzeddinne and M. Zoubir, "Pachycondyla APIcalis Ants (API) Algorithm for Multi-user Detection of SDMA-OFDM System", International Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing, vol. 11, pp. 230-235, 2017 (https://www.naun.org/main/NAUN/circuitssystemssignal/2017/a602005-abv.pdf).
View in Google Scholar

[43] H.I. Bitat et al., "Optimization of a MIMO Antenna using the API metaheuristic algorithm", 2024 8th International Conference on Image and Signal Processing and their Applications (ISPA), Biskra, Algeria, 2024.
View in Google Scholar

[44] Y. Messai et al., "Use of Meta-heuristic Algorithm to Optimize Ericsson Propagation Model Application on LTE", 2024 8th International Conference on Image and Signal Processing and their Applications (ISPA), Biskra, Algeria, 2024.
View in Google Scholar

Cover page 1/2025

Downloads

Published

2025-03-31

Issue

No. 1 (2025)

Section

ARTICLES FROM THIS ISSUE

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Hiba Ines Bitat, Fouzia Maamri, Fatima Khelfaoui, Hanane Djellab, Yacine Belhocine, Yacine Messai

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

[1]
H. I. Bitat, F. Maamri, F. Khelfaoui, H. Djellab, Y. Belhocine, and Y. Messai, “Optimizing Spectral and Energy Efficiency of Massive MIMO Networks Using MVO and API Algorithms”, JTIT, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 81–91, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.26636/jtit.2025.1.1993.