Examination of 5G NR, LTE, and NB-IoT Radio Interfaces and Their Vulnerabilities to Interference
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2024.4.1960Keywords:
5G NR, interference, jamming, NB-IoT, LTEAbstract
Modern cellular wireless communication systems of the fourth (4G) and fifth generation (5G) face a problem of various types of interference or intentional jamming. Consequently, a degradation of the services provided and an incorrect network operation may occur. In this paper, configuration of the networks' physical layer is investigated, with the said investigation preceded by the measurement of parameters of commercial networks operating in two different environments, to assess their vulnerabilities to interference or intentional jamming. Finally, a method for analyzing the radio signal received with the use of 5G New Radio (NR), Long Term Evolution (LTE), and Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) radio interfaces is proposed, to detect and mitigate the negative impact of unwanted signals. Software-based implementation of the proposed method allows one to detect and mitigate co-channel interference, intentional jamming and maintain compatibility of user equipment (UE) with the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standard, as it does not affect operations performed, for instance, at the time and frequency synchronization or channel parameter estimation phases.
Downloads
References
[1] ETSI, "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) Physical Channels and Modulation", 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project, 3GPP, TS 36.211, V8.8.0, 2009.
View in Google Scholar
[2] ETSI, "LTE, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) Physical Channels and Modulation", 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project, 3GPP, TS 36.211, V13.4.0, 2017.
View in Google Scholar
[3] K. Cheon, S. Park, J. Jahng, and J.K. Choi, "Methodology for Network Capacity Assessment of 5G NSA EN-DC Network", 2021 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), Jeju Island, South Korea, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTC52510.2021.9620984
View in Google Scholar
[4] A. Wulandari, M. Hasan, and A. Hikmaturokhman, "Private 5G Network Capacity and Coverage Deployment for Vertical Industries: Case Study in Indonesia", 2022 IEEE International Conference on Communication, Networks and Satellite (COMNETSAT), Solo, Indonesia, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/COMNETSAT56033.2022.9994332
View in Google Scholar
[5] P.J. Varga, T. Wuhrl, S. Gycnyi, M.T. Baross, and A. Nameth, "Jamming Attacks in 5G NR FR1", 2022 IEEE 5th International Conference and Workshop Obuda on Electrical and Power Engineering (CANDO-EPE), Budapest, Hungary, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CANDO-EPE57516.2022.10046381
View in Google Scholar
[6] P. Skokowski, K. Malon, M. Kryk, K. Maslanka, J.M. Kelner, P. Rajchowski, and J. Magiera, "Practical Trial for Low-Energy Effective Jamming on Private Networks With 5G-NR and NB-IoT Radio Interfaces", IEEE Access vol. 12, pp. 51523-51535, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3385630
View in Google Scholar
[7] J. Ming et al., "A 5G Noise and Interference Power Estimation Method Based on the Fusion of Time-Frequency Acquisition Information", 2023 IEEE 11th Joint International Information Technology and Artificial Intelligence Conference (ITAIC), Chongqing, China, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ITAIC58329.2023.10408885
View in Google Scholar
[8] A. Usman, B.A. Salihu, and K.P. Dawar, "Interference Mitigation Using Enhanced Active Power Control Technique for 5G Downlink Transmission of Macro-femto Cellular Networks", 2021 International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Energy Technologies (ICECET), Cape Town, South Africa, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECET52533.2021.9698634
View in Google Scholar
[9] H. Li, X. Zhang, L. Cao, X. Hu, and D. Yang, "Performance Evaluation of Interference Coexistence in Dense Urban Scenario for 5G NR System", 2018 IEEE 4th International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC), Chengdu, China, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CompComm.2018.8780903
View in Google Scholar
[10] S. Xu, J. Xin, S. Xiong, and Z. Sun, "Performance Analysis of CRS Interference Mitigation Algorithm in LTE and NR Coexistence Scenario", 2021 2nd Information Communication Technologies Conference (ICTC), Nanjing, China, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTC51749.2021.9441653
View in Google Scholar
[11] S.D. Wang, H.M. Wang, W. Wang, and V.C.M. Leung, "Detecting Intelligent Jamming on Physical Broadcast Channel in 5G NR", IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 1292-1296, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2023.3260194
View in Google Scholar
[12] C. de Frein, M. Flanagan, and A. Fagan, "OFDM Narrowband Interference Estimation Using Cyclic Prefix Based Algorithm", University College Dublin, 2006 [Online]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/cp:20060450
View in Google Scholar
[13] P. Stoica, Spectral Analysis of Signals, Hoboken: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2005 (ISBN: 9780131139565).
View in Google Scholar
[14] G. Morillo, U. Roedig, and D. Pesch, "Detecting Targeted Interference in NB-IoT", 2023 19th International Conference on Distributed Computing in Smart Systems and the Internet of Things (DCOSS-IoT), Pafos, Cyprus, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/DCOSS-IoT58021.2023.00080
View in Google Scholar
[15] K. Bechta, J.M. Kelner, C. Ziółkowski, and L. Nowosielski, "Inter-beam Co-channel Downlink and Uplink Interference for 5G New Radio in mm-Wave Bands", Sensors, vol. 21, no. 3, art. no. 793, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030793
View in Google Scholar
[16] J. Wu et al., "CRS Interference Handling on NR and LTE Overlapping Spectrum: Analysis on Performance and Standard Impact", 2022 IEEE/CIC International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC Workshops), Sanshui, China, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCCWorkshops55477.2022.9896636
View in Google Scholar
[17] A. Ghiulai, G. Barb, F. Alexa, and M. Otesteanu, "Downlink Interference Measurement in 4G/5G Systems with Dynamic Spectrum Sharing", 2022 14th International Conference on Communications (COMM), Bucharest, Romania, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/COMM54429.2022.9817351
View in Google Scholar
[18] G. Morillo, U. Roedig, and D. Pesch, "Detecting Targeted Interference in NB-IoT", 2023 19th International Conference on Distributed Computing in Smart Systems and the Internet of Things (DCOSS-IoT), Pafos, Cyprus, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/DCOSS-IoT58021.2023.00080
View in Google Scholar
[19] K. Wesołowski, "A Simple Algorithm for Jamming Detection in OFDM Systems", 2023 IEEE 97th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2023-Spring), Florence, Italy, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2023-Spring57618.2023.10200416
View in Google Scholar
[20] J. Magiera and P. Rajchowski, "Intentional Pilot Contamination in 5G NR Uplink", Przegląd Telekomunikacyjny - Wiadomości Telekomunikacyjne, vol. 2024, no. 4, 2024.
View in Google Scholar
[21] C. Shahriar et al., "PHY-layer Resiliency in OFDM Communications: A Tutorial", IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 292-314, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2014.2349883
View in Google Scholar
[22] "TSME6 Ultracompact Drive Test Scanner", Rohde & Schwarz, V17.00, 2024.
View in Google Scholar
[23] "ROMES Drive Test Software, Mobile Coverage and QoS Measurements in Mobile Networks", Rohde & Schwarz, v.31.00, 2024.
View in Google Scholar
[24] "Wideband Antenna User Guide", QRC Technologies, v.004, Fredericksburg, VA, USA, 2015.
View in Google Scholar
[25] M. Kottkamp, A. Pandey, A. Roessler, R. Stuhlfauth, and D. Raddino, "5G New Radio Fundamentals, Procedures, Testing Aspects", Munich: Rohde & Schwarz, 450 p., 2019 (ISBN: 9783939837152).
View in Google Scholar
[26] "Information on Spectrum Occupancy in the 420 MHz, 450 MHz, 800 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2100 MHz, 2600 MHz, 3600 MHz bands", Office of Electronic Communications, 2024 (in Polish).
View in Google Scholar
[27] ETSI, "5G, NR, Physical Channels and Modulation", 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project, 3GPP, TS 38.211, V18.2.0, 2024
View in Google Scholar
[28] "Electromagnetic Field Map", SI2PEM [Online] Available: (https://si2pem.gov.pl) (in Polish).
View in Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Piotr Rajchowski
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
