No. 1 (2016)
Published:
2016-03-30
ARTICLES FROM THIS ISSUE
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QoS Requirements as Factor of Trust to 5G Network
Abstract
Trust to modern telecommunications networks plays an important role as a driver of technological and market success of any technology or telecommunication services. Most of the technological approaches to this problem are focused only on network security and do not include such a factor as the quality of service (QoS), which also plays an important role in the formation of trust both from the consumers and the regulator. The future 5G mobile technology will be the engine of development of telecommunications until 2020 and the formation of trust to the 5G networks is one of the main tasks for developers. The authors present the view on the trust to 5G networks in the plane of QoS requirements formation and QoS management. QoS requirements to 5 G networks were determined on the basis of three main business models of services: xMBB, M-MTC and U-MTC and the need to ensure user trust to networks. Infrastructure requirements for QoS control and spectrum management network entities which are based on Network Function Virtualization (NFV) principles have been formed.
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Digital Audio Broadcasting or Webcasting: A Network Quality Perspective
Abstract
In recent years, many alternative technologies of delivering audio content have emerged, with different advantages and disadvantages. In this paper pros and cons of digital audio broadcasting and webcasting transmission techniques in a network quality perspective are described. A case study of user expectations with respect to currently available services is analyzed, and the perceived quality of real digital broadcasted and webcasted radio stations is examined.
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Monitoring of a Cloud-Based Environment for Resilient Telecommunication Services
Abstract
This article depicts insights and in-depth presentation of a new tool, specifically designed for Data Center resources monitoring purpose. It enables physical and virtual resources monitoring and is capable of performing advanced analysis on the resulting, measured data. Here in presented are exemplary scenarios conducted over the proprietary Data Center unit, delivering specific information on the behavior of the analyzed environment. Presented results create a base layer for a high level resiliency analysis of telecommunication services.
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Study of No-Reference Video Quality Metrics for HEVC Compression
Abstract
The paper proposes a No-Reference (NR) quality assessment measurement originally developed for H.264, used for High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). In particular, authors present an investigation of NR metrics to objectively estimate the perceptual quality of a set of processed video sequences. The authors take into account typical distortions introduced by the block-based coding approaches like HEVC codec. The underlying processing used for the quality assessment considers the blockiness caused by the boundaries of each coded block and the blurring as a lack of spatial details. The correlation between the NR quality metrics and the well-known and most widely used objective metric, the Video Quality Model (VQM), is performed to validate the quality prediction accuracy based on the provided scores. The Pearson correlation coefficients obtained stand for promising results for different types of videos.
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Quantifying the Suitability of Reference Signals for the Video Streaming Analysis for IPTV
Abstract
IP networks are indispensable nowadays and they are some of the most efficient platforms. The constantly growing number of users and new services in these networks – the largest being the Internet – require a satisfactory quality of service from any application they use. So, determining the QoS in real-time services is particularly important. This work shows how to quantify the suitability of reference signals for analyzing the quality of video streaming in IPTV. The assessment relies on two different algorithms: PEVQ and VQuad-HD. Three different reference signals – two real ones and an artificial one – are used in this study, and a numerical measurement system is used, which simulates mean network impairments. These measurements provide valuable information for determining the QoS of actual IPTV services in practice.
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Properties of the Multiservice Erlang's Ideal Gradings
Abstract
The design and optimization process of modern telecommunications networks is supported by a range of appropriate analytical models. A number of these models are based on the Erlang’s Ideal Grading (EIG) model, which is a particular case of non-full-availability groups. A possibility of the application of the EIG model results from the fact that telecommunications systems show properties and features distinctive to non-full-availability systems. No detailed studies that would decisively help determine appropriate conditions for the application of the EIG model for modeling of other non-full-availability groups, that would be models corresponding to real telecommunications systems, have been performed. Therefore, this article attempts to find an answer to the following question: what are the prerequisite conditions for the application of the EIG model and when the model can be reliably used?
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Call Blocking Probabilities of Multirate Elastic and Adaptive Traffic under the Threshold and Bandwidth Reservation Policies
Abstract
This paper proposes multirate teletraffic loss models of a link that accommodates different service-classes of elastic and adaptive calls. Calls follow a Poisson process, can tolerate bandwidth compression and have an exponentially distributed service time. When bandwidth compression occurs, the service time of new and in-service elastic calls increases. Adaptive calls do not alter their service time. All calls compete for the available link bandwidth under the combination of the Threshold (TH) and the Bandwidth Reservation (BR) policies. The TH policy can provide different QoS among service-classes by limiting the number of calls of a service-class up to a predefined threshold, which can be different for each service-class. The BR policy reserves part of the available link bandwidth to benefit calls of high bandwidth requirements. The analysis of the proposed models is based on approximate but recursive formulas, whereby authors determine call blocking probabilities and link utilization. The accuracy of the proposed formulas is verified through simulation and found to be very satisfactory.
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Estimation of Network Disordering Effects by In-depth Analysis of the Resequencing Buffer Contents in Steady-state
Abstract
The paper is devoted to the analytic analysis of resequencing issue, which is common in packet networks, using queueing-theoretic approach. The authors propose the mathematical model, which describes the simplest setting of packet resequencing, but which allows one to make the first step in the in-depth-analysis of the queues dynamics in the resequencing buffer. Specifically consideration is given to N-server queueing system (N > 3) with single infinite capacity buffer and resequencing, which may serve as a model of packet reordering in packet networks. Customers arrive at the system according to Poisson flow, occupy one place in the buffer and receive service from one of the servers, which is exponentially distributed with the same parameter. The order of customers upon arrival has to be preserved upon departure. Customers, which violated the order are kept in resequencing buffer which also has infinite capacity. It is shown that the resequencing buffer can be considered as consisting of n, 1 ≤ n ≤ N −1, interconnected queues, depending on the number of busy servers, with i-th queue containing customers, which have to wait for i service completions before they can leave the system. Recursive algorithm for computation of the joint stationary distribution of the number of customers in the buffer and servers, and each queue in resequencing buffer are being obtained. Numerical examples, which show the dynamics of the characteristics of the queues in resequencing buffer are given.
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Multicast Connections in Wireless Sensor Networks with Topology Control
Abstract
The article explores the quality of multicast trees constructed by heuristic routing algorithms in wireless sensor networks where topology control protocols operate. Network topology planning and performance analysis are crucial challenges for wire and wireless network designers. They are also involved in the research on routing algorithms, and protocols for these networks. In addition, it is worth to emphasize that the generation of realistic network topologies makes it possible to construct and study routing algorithms, protocols and traffic characteristics for WSN networks.
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LDAOR - Location and Direction Aware Opportunistic Routing in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks
Abstract
Routing in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) has found significant attention because of its unique features such as lack of energy constraints and high-speed vehicles applications. Besides, since these networks are highly dynamic, design process of routing algorithms suitable for an urban environment is extremely challenging. Appropriate algorithms could be opportunistic routing (OR) where traffic transmission is performed using the store-carry-forward mechanism. An efficient OR mechanism, called Location and Direction Aware Opportunistic Routing (LDAOR), is proposed in this paper. It is based on the best neighbor node selection by using vehicles positions, vehicles directions, and prioritization of messages from buffers, based on contact histories and positions of neighbor nodes to destination. In LDAOR, when multiple nodes make contact with a carrier node, the closest neighbor node to destination is selected as the best forwarder. However, when only one node makes contact with the carrier node, the message is delivered to it if it moves toward the destination. Using the ONE simulator, the obtained performance evaluation results show that the LDAOR operates better than conventional OR algorithms. The LDAOR not only increases delivery rate, but also reduces network overhead, traffic loss, and number of aborted messages.
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A Novel Technique of Optimization for the COCOMO II Model Parameters using Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization Algorithm
Abstract
Software cost estimation is a critical activity in the development life cycle for controlling risks and planning project schedules. Accurate estimation of the cost before the start-up of a project is essential for both the developers and the customers. Therefore, many models were proposed to address this issue, in which COCOMO II has been being widely employed in actual software projects. Good estimation models, such as COCOMO II, can avoid insufficient resources being allocated to a project. However, parameters for estimation formula in this model have not been optimized yet, and so the estimated results are not close to the actual results. In this paper, a novel technique to optimize the coefficients for COCOMO II model by using teaching-learning-based optimization (TLBO) algorithm is proposed. The performance of the model after optimizing parameters was tested on NASA software project dataset. The obtained results indicated that the improvement of parameters provided a better estimation capabilities compared to the original COCOMO II model.
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100 Gb/s Data Link Layer - from a Simulation to FPGA Implementation
Abstract
In this paper, a simulation and hardware implementation of a data link layer for 100 Gb/s terahertz wireless communications is presented. In this solution the overhead of protocols and coding should be reduced to a minimum. This is especially important for high-speed networks, where a small degradation of efficiency will lower the user data throughput by several gigabytes per second. The following aspects are explained: an acknowledge frame compression, the optimal frame segmentation and aggregation, Reed-Solomon forward error correction, an algorithm to control the transmitted data redundancy (link adaptation), and FPGA implementation of a demonstrator. The most important conclusion is that changing the segment size influences the uncoded transmissions mostly, and the FPGA memory footprint can be significantly reduced when the hybrid automatic repeat request type II is replaced by the type I with a link adaptation. Additionally, an algorithm for controlling the Reed-Solomon redundancy is presented. Hardware implementation is demonstrated, and the device achieves net data rate of 97 Gb/s.
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DS-UWB and TH-UWB Energy Consumption Comparison
Abstract
The energy consumption of the wireless communication systems is starting to be unaffordable. One way to improve the power consumption is the optimization of the communication techniques used by the communication networks and devices. In order to develop an energy efficient UWB multi-user communication system, the choice of modulation and multi access technique is important. This paper compares two Ultra-wideband multi-user techniques, i.e. the DS-UWB and the TH-UWB in the case of the Nakagami-m fading channel. For the DS-UWB technique, the orthogonal (T-OVSF, ZCD) and non-orthogonal (Kasami) codes are used. For TH-UWB, authors consider different modulations (PPM, PSM, PAM). This comparison allows choosing the best solution in terms of energy consumption, data rate and communication range. Two different studies are realized to find the most efficient technique to use. In the first study, the same number of users for the different type of codes (data rate values) is chosen and the total energy consumption for several distances and path-loss coefficient is computed. In the second one, the multiusers effects (same data rate) for various values of distances and path-loss are evaluated.
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Monetary Fair Battery-based Load Hiding Scheme for Multiple Households in Automatic Meter Reading System
Abstract
Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) system is expected to be used for real time load monitoring to optimize power generation and energy efficiency. Recently, it has been a serious problem that user’s lifestyle may be revealed by a tool to estimate consumer’s lifestyle from a real-time load profile. In order to solve this issue, Battery-based Load Hiding ( BLH ) algorithms are proposed to obfuscate an actual load profile by charging and discharging. Although such BLH algorithms have already been studied, it is important to consider multiple households case where one battery is shared among them due to its high cost. In this paper, a monetary fair BLH algorithm for multiple households is proposed. In presented scheme, the core unit calculates the difference between the charged amount and discharged one for each household. If the difference is bigger than the predefined threshold (monetary unfair occurs), the most disadvantageous and advantageous households are given priority to discharge and charge the battery and other households should charge to achieve monetary fairness. The efficiency of the scheme is demonstrated through the computer simulation with a real dataset.
