A Scalable Multicast Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2022.155121Keywords:
ad-hoc networks, MAODV and ODMRP, positionbased multicast routing protocol, simulated performance evaluationAbstract
The multicasting technique supports a variety of applications that require data to be instantaneously transmitted to a set of destination nodes. In environments with continuously moving nodes, such as mobile ad-hoc networks, the search for efficient routes from sources to the projected destinations is a common issue. Proposed Windmill protocol provides a scalable multicast solution for mobile ad-hoc networks. Windmill aims to improve routing protocol’s performance by introducing a hierarchal distributed routing algorithm and dividing the area into zones. Additionally, it attempts to demonstrate better scalability, performance and robustness when faced with frequent topology changes, by utilizing restricted directional flooding. A detailed and extensive simulated performance evaluation has been conducted to assess Windmill and compare it with multicast ad-hoc ondemand distance vector (MAODV) and on-demand multicast routing protocols (ODMRP). Simulation results show that the three protocols achieved high packet delivery rates in most scenarios. Results also show that Windmill is capable of achieving scalability by maintaining the minimum packet routing load, even upon increasing the nodes’ speed, the number of sources, the number of group members and the size of the simulated network. The results also indicate that it offers superior performance and is well suited for ad-hoc wireless networks with mobile hosts. The trade-off of using Windmill consists in slightly longer paths – a characteristic that makes it a good choice for applications that require simultaneous data transmission to a large set of nodes.
Downloads
References
[1] A. Goyal, V. Sharma, S. Kumar, and K. Kumar, „Modified local link failure recovery multicast routing protocol for MANET", J. of Inform. and Optimiz. Sci., vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 669-677, 2020.
View in Google Scholar
[2] S. Ghasemnezhad and A. Ghaffari, „Fuzzy logic based reliable and real time routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks", Wirel. Personal Commun., vol. 98, pp. 593-611, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-017-4885-9
View in Google Scholar
[3] M. Qabajeh and L. Qabajeh, „A survey and comparative study for performance evaluation technologies for wireless networks", Int. J. of Comp. Sci. and Netw. Secur., vol. 19 no. 10, pp. 43-50, 2019.
View in Google Scholar
[4] A. Tavizi and A. Ghaffari, „Tree-based reliable and energy-aware multicast routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks", The J. of Supercomput., vol. 74, no. 11, pp. 6310-633, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-018-2562-8
View in Google Scholar
[5] L. Qabajeh and M. Qabajeh, „Detailed performance evaluation of ARANz, ARAN and AODV protocols", J. of Theoret. and Applied Inform. Technol., vol. 98. no. 12, pp. 2109-2131, 2020.
View in Google Scholar
[6] E. Royer and C. Perkins, „Multicast operation of the ad hoc on demand distance vector routing protocol", in Proc. 5th Ann. ACM/IEEE Int. Conf. on Mob. Comput. and Network. MOBICOM 1999, Seattle, VA, USA, 1999, pp. 207-218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/313451.313538
View in Google Scholar
[7] S. Lee, M. Gerla, and C. Chiang, „On-demand multicast routing protocol", IEEE Wirel. Commun. and Network. Conf. WCNC 1999, New Orleans, LA, USA, 1999 pp. 1298-1302.
View in Google Scholar
[8] T. Kunz and E. Cheng, „Multicasting in ad-hoc networks: Comparing MAODV and ODMRP", Workshop on Ad Hoc Commun., Bonn, Germany, 2001.
View in Google Scholar
[9] M. Qabajeh, A. Abdalla, O. Khalifa, and L. Qabajeh, „A survey on scalable multicasting in mobile ad hoc networks", Wirel. Personal Commun., vol. 80, pp. 369-393, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-014-2016-4
View in Google Scholar
[10] A. Rajeswari, „A mobile ad hoc network routing protocols: A comparative study", in Recent Trends in Communication Networks, P. Mitra, Ed. IntechOpen, 2020. pp. 1-24.
View in Google Scholar
[11] B. Yang, Z. Wu, Y. Shen, X. Jiang, and Sh. Shen, „On delay performance study for cooperative multicast MANETs", Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 102, pp. 1-14, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2020.102117
View in Google Scholar
[12] S. Balaji, A. Rocha, and Y.-N. Chung (Eds.), Intelligent Communication Technologies and Virtual Mobile Networks. ICICV 2019. Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies, vol. 33 pp. 169-178 and 607-617. Springer, Cham, 2020 (ISBN: 9783030283636).
View in Google Scholar
[13] V. Vinya and G. Rao, „An energy efficient multicast route establishment using AODV with PSO algorithm and RSA for secured transmission", Int. J. of Intell. Engin. and Syst., vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 257-266, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22266/ijies2019.1031.26
View in Google Scholar
[14] A. Goyal and V. Sharma, „Design and implementation of modified local link repair multicast routing protocol for MANETs", Int. J. of Scient. & Technol. Res., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 2316-2321, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02522667.2020.1733202
View in Google Scholar
[15] L. Junhai, X. Liu, and Y. Danxia, „Research on multicast routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks", Comp. Networks, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 988-997, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2007.11.016
View in Google Scholar
[16] C. Morais, H. Gossain, and D. Agrawal, „Multicast over wireless mobile ad hoc networks: Present and future directions", IEEE Network, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 52-59, 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MNET.2003.1174178
View in Google Scholar
[17] Z. Xiaofeng and L. Jacob, „Multicast zone routing protocol in mobile ad hoc wireless networks", in Proc. 28th Ann. IEEE Int. Conf. on Local Computer Networks LCN 2003, Bonn/Konigswinter, Germany, 2003, pp. 50-159.
View in Google Scholar
[18] Ch. Zhi, J. Cui, and L. Zhu, „Multicast routing algorithms based on Levy ying particle swarm optimization", J. of Physics: Conf. Series 1453, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1453/1/012005
View in Google Scholar
[19] A. Sufian, A. Banerjee, and P. Dutta, „A tree multicast routing based on fuzzy mathematics in mobile ad-hoc networks", in Applications of Internet of Things, J. Mandal, S. Mukhopadhyay, A. Roy, Eds. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 137, pp. 107-117. Springer, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6198-6_10
View in Google Scholar
[20] K. Vanisrsee and V. Reddy, „Multicast cooperative routing for opportunistic data transfer in mobile ad hoc network", J. of Electron. and Commun. Engin., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 26-33, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/2834-1203012633
View in Google Scholar
[21] L. Canourgues, J. Lephay, L. Soyer, and A. Beylot, „STAMP: Shared-tree ad hoc multicast protocol", in Proc. of Military Commun. Conf. MILCOM 2006, Washington, DC, USA, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MILCOM.2006.302031
View in Google Scholar
[22] D. Babu and M. Ussenaiah, „CS-MAODV: Cuckoo search and M-tree-based multiconstraint optimal multicast ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol for MANETs", Int. J. of Commun. Syst., vol. 33, no. 16, pp. 1-17, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.4411
View in Google Scholar
[23] T. Winter and P. Thubert, „RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks", IETF ROLL working group, Feb. 2010 [Online]. Available: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6550 (retrieved 2021-9-30).
View in Google Scholar
[24] C. Murthy and B. Manoj, Ad Hoc Wireless Networks: Architectures and Protocols. Prentice Hall PTR, 2004 (ISBN: 9780133007060).
View in Google Scholar
[25] J. Garcia and E. Madruga, „The core-assisted mesh protocol", IEEE J. on Selec. Areas in Commun., vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 1380-1394, 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/49.779921
View in Google Scholar
[26] I. Al-Mejibli, „Improve on-demand multicast routing protocol In mobile ad-hoc networks", J. University of Kerbala, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 351-363, 2018.
View in Google Scholar
[27] J. Xie, R. Talpade, A. McAuley, and M. Liu, „AMRoute: Ad hoc multicast routing protocol", Mob. Netw. and Appl., vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 429-439, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020748431138
View in Google Scholar
[28] J. Biswas, M. Barai, and S. Nandy, „Eficient hybrid multicast routing protocol for ad-hoc wireless networks", in Proc. 29th Ann. IEEE Int. Conf. on Local Comp. Networks, Tampa, FL, USA, 2004.
View in Google Scholar
[29] G. Walikar and R. Biradar, „Energy aware hybrid multicast routing in mobile ad hoc networks: zone-based approach", Int. J. of Mob. Netw. Design and Innov., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 80-100, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMNDI.2018.092344
View in Google Scholar
[30] T. Shih, C. Shih, and C. Chen, „Location-based multicast routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks", WSEAS Trans. on Computers, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 1270-1279, 2008.
View in Google Scholar
[31] X. Xiang, X. Wang, and Y. Yang, „Supporting eficient and scalable multicasting over mobile ad hoc networks", IEEE Trans. on Mob. Comput., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 544-559, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2010.176
View in Google Scholar
[32] J. Jetcheva and D. Johnson, „Adaptive demand-driven multicast routing in multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks", in Proc. ACM Int. Symp. on Mob. AdHoc Network. & Comput. MobiHoc'01, Long Beach, CA, USA, 2001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/501416.501423
View in Google Scholar
[33] M. Qabajeh, A. Hashim, O. Khalifa, and L. Qabajeh, „Geographical multicast quality of service routing protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks", J. of Engin. Lett., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 212-225, 2010 [On-line]. Available: http://www.engineeringletters.com/issues v18/issue 3/EL 18 3 02.pdf
View in Google Scholar
[34] A. Daniel, „Position based multicast routing protocol for ad-hoc wireless network using backpressure restoration", in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Comp. Engin. and Technol., Chengdu, China, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCET.2010.5485544
View in Google Scholar
[35] H. Hussen, S. Choi, J. Park, and J. Kim, „Predictive geographic multicast routing protocol in ying ad hoc networks", Int. J. of Distrib. Sensor Netw., vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 1-20, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1550147719843879
View in Google Scholar
[36] R. Shankar and E. Ilavarasan, „Scalable multicasting through hexagonal zone based structure over mobile adhoc networks", J. of Internet Technol., vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 2111-2124, 2018.
View in Google Scholar
[37] „GloMoSim: A Scalable Simulation Environment for Wireless and Wired Network Systems", UCLA Parallel Computing Laboratory and Wireless Adaptive Mobility Laboratory [Online]. Available: http://pcl.cs.ucla.edu/projects/glomosim/
View in Google Scholar
[38] S. Corson and J. Macker, „Mobile ad hoc networking (MANET): Routing protocol performance issues and evaluation considerations", RFC 2501, 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17487/rfc2501
View in Google Scholar
Downloads
Submitted
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
